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Ammonium Tungsten Bronze 41

Like sodium tungsten bronze (Na?WO?) and potassium tungsten bronze (K?WO?), ammonium tungsten bronze ((NH?)?WO?) is also a type of tungsten bronze. Although Na?WO?, K?WO?, and (NH?)?WO? share similar crystal structures, such as cubic or tetragonal forms, their physicochemical properties and applications differ slightly due to the varying elements added. In terms of chemical composition, ammonium tungsten bronze is a non-stoichiometric compound composed of tungsten, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen, known in English as ammonium tungsten bronze (ATB), with the chemical formula…

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Tungsten Wire 35

As a typical tungsten product, tungsten wire is a fine filament made by forging and drawing tungsten rods, known in English as tungsten wire, with a tungsten content generally exceeding 99.95%. However, due to the high hardness and brittleness of metallic tungsten, which makes processing difficult, small amounts of potassium oxide, silicon oxide, and aluminum oxide are often added during production. The resulting modified tungsten wire is commonly referred to as doped tungsten wire, 218 tungsten wire, or non-sagging tungsten…

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Cerium-Tungsten Electrode 39

As a typical representative of rare earth tungsten electrodes, the cerium-tungsten electrode is an electrode product with an appropriate amount of cerium oxide added to a tungsten base. It is a non-radioactive, refractory, or non-consumable metal electrode material, serving as the preferred substitute for thorium-tungsten electrodes. Known in English as the cerium tungsten electrode, it features a gray color-coded tip. The cerium oxide content is generally 2%, with electrode diameters ranging from 0.5 mm to 12.0 mm and lengths of…

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Tungsten–Titanium–Cobalt Hard Alloy 25

Based on differences in chemical composition and structural components, common hard alloys can be categorized into steel-bonded hard alloys, tungsten-cobalt alloys, tungsten-titanium-tantalum-cobalt alloys, and Tungsten-Titanium-cobalt alloys, with their physicochemical properties and applications being largely similar. Tungsten-titanium-cobalt hard alloys, also known as YT-class hard alloys, are composed of tungsten carbide (WC), titanium carbide (TiC), and metallic cobalt (Co), with the English name cemented titanium tungsten carbide. Typically, the Co content in the alloy ranges from 4% to 10%, TiC from 5%…

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Lanthanum-Tungsten Electrode 10

Composite tungsten electrode materials can be categorized into thorium-tungsten electrodes, cerium-tungsten electrodes, yttrium-tungsten electrodes, zirconium-tungsten electrodes, and lanthanum-tungsten electrodes, depending on the additives used. Although all these tungsten electrodes are primarily made from the refractory metal tungsten, their physical and chemical properties and applications vary slightly due to differences in modifiers. Taking the lanthanum-tungsten electrode as an example, it is an electrode product with an appropriate amount of lanthanum oxide added to a tungsten base, known in English as the…

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Impact of Phosphorus Element on Tungsten-Nickel-Iron Alloy Performance 23

Phosphorus element, as a typical harmful impurity in tungsten-nickel-iron alloy, is typically controlled to below 0.01%. Even in trace amounts, it influences the alloy’s mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and processing stability through grain boundary segregation and compound precipitation. I. Forms of Phosphorus in Tungsten-Nickel-Iron Alloy Comprising tungsten particles and a nickel-iron binder phase, tungsten-nickel-iron alloy contains phosphorus in three primary forms: Solid Solution: A small amount of phosphorus can dissolve into the nickel-iron binder phase. Compound State: Excess phosphorus forms…

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Methods to Reduce Sulfur Content in Tungsten-Nickel-Iron Alloy 16

Sulfur element predominantly exerts harmful effects on tungsten-nickel-iron alloy performance: its impact is minimal at low levels, but excessive sulfur content leads to the formation of low-melting-point sulfides and grain boundary weakening, resulting in a sharp decline in impact toughness, deterioration of strength and plasticity, reduced corrosion resistance, and hindered processability. Methods to Reduce Sulfur Content in Tungsten-Nickel-Iron Alloy The core strategy for lowering sulfur content in tungsten-nickel-iron alloy lies in cutting off sulfur introduction pathways and enhancing sulfur removal…

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Impact of Sulfur Element on Tungsten-Nickel-Iron Alloy Performance 24

Sulfur element, as a typical impurity element in tungsten-nickel-iron alloy (typically introduced via raw materials or mixed in during smelting), exists in low concentrations but significantly affects the alloy’s mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and processability. This influence is primarily realized through sulfur’s forms of existence (sulfide precipitation, grain boundary segregation) and its interaction with the matrix, exhibiting systematic variations based on sulfur content, precipitate type, and service environment. I. Forms and Distribution Characteristics of Sulfur in Tungsten-Nickel-Iron Alloy Sulfur’s atomic…

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Impact of Carbon Element on the Corrosion Resistance of Tungsten-Nickel-Iron Alloy 26

The influence of carbon element on the corrosion resistance of tungsten-nickel-iron alloy is primarily mediated through its forms of existence (carbides, solid solution, or interfacial segregation) and its regulation of microstructure. This manifests as effects on electrochemical corrosion behavior, passivation film integrity, and corrosion morphology, with the impact varying depending on carbon content, corrosive environment, and alloy microstructure. I. Mechanisms of Carbon’s Influence on Corrosion Resistance Micro-Galvanic Corrosion Effect of Carbides When carbon exceeds its solubility limit in tungsten-nickel-iron alloy,…

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Impact of Carbon Element on Tungsten-Nickel-Iron Alloy Performance 9

Although carbon is typically present in trace amounts in tungsten-nickel-iron alloy, its influence on alloy performance is significant. Carbon exhibits a “double-edged sword” effect: small amounts enhance strength and hardness through solid-solution strengthening and carbide dispersion strengthening, while excessive carbon reduces toughness and fatigue resistance due to brittle phase precipitation and interface weakening. Carbon element primarily exists as an impurity in tungsten-nickel-iron alloy, originating from residual carbon in raw powders (e.g., trace carbon in tungsten powder), contamination during preparation, or…

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